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Map of region in Panama where Venado Beach is located.
Venado Beachis a Pre-Columbian archaeological site on the Pacific coast of Panama.[1] Named for the Venado River, near whose mouth it was found, the site was excavated by Samuel Kirkland Lothrop, Neville A. Harte and Lt. Col. Montgomery in 1951.[2] Venado Beach is part of the Gran Coclé culture. This site is notable for its large number and variety of burials and grave goods, especially those with offerings objects of gold (including tumbaga) and evidence for human sacrifice. Radiocarbon dating places the principal occupation of this site at AD 200-900[3]
- 4Excavation
- 4.1Burials
- 4.4Mutilation
Lifestyle[edit]
While native units were small in Panama, they were nevertheless complex and rigid. Rulers were primarily projected as warriors. There is no historical evidence of theocratic class yet there appears to be a group of nobility that dominates others as servants and promotes their methods and rituals as the proper way to connect to the divine.[1] The social organization of this site could be considered a chiefdom. The people living in lower Central America at this time had complex social systems. They had extensive trading networks. Imported goods ranged from jade to iron tools.[3]
History[edit]
Venado Beach was once within the target area used by Fort Kobbe,[1] about 10 miles from the 16th century Spanish settlement of Old Panama. It was first discovered by the U.S. Navy in 1948 while bulldozing off the topsoil in order to enrich the lawns of the 15th Naval District.[1]
Ethnohistory[edit]
One of the officials who resided in Old Panama there was Royal Historian Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo. Oviedo most likely knew the local natives and may have even visited the site.[1]
According to Oviedo, the burial customs of the local peoples were viewed by them as magicalrituals that gave those buried access to what they believed was another world. These rites were generally reserved for the rich and noble, with the poor rarely receiving burial. An exception to the rule occurred when a slave was chosen to be killed or committed suicide to be buried with their masters, reportedly to serve in the next world.[1] Oviedo's statements suggest that if one ultimately chose to join their masters in the afterlife it was a personal choice. They would either poison themselves or be buried alive while drunk. Oviedo notes that those chosen were usually young, strong and beautiful.
Excavation[edit]
The site was excavated in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
Burials[edit]
The skeletal remains of a total of 369 individuals were found extended across the Mangopobre Valley. The bulldozing of the site left the graves without any discernable surface indications. The original depths of the graves are a matter of conjecture. However some may have been at depths of up to 15 feet below the surface at the time of burial.[1] Most remains were found in flexed positions on their sides or backs. Some were found extended and face-up, locally known as a 'bathtub burial.' About 30% of the burials were on their backs with their hands under their chins, knees to chest and feet crossed. They were so tightly compressed that they were most likely tied together with ropes or in sacks. However, the bodies laid on their sides had not been compressed. About 15% of the bodies were simply extended on their backs. In keeping with the significant variety, these graves were both scattered individuals or associated in compact groups. Most of the burials were blanketed with a layer of red soil, most likely acquired from nearby hills.[1] Abnormal burials, described below, comprise about 20% of the total.
The graves were found on a flat layer of coquina where lateral displacement of the bones was impossible, meaning that the archaeological record had not been shifting over time.
Urn Burials[edit]
Excavators found many burials in ceramic urns. While some contained adults, most held children. Lothrop suggested that these children may have been expected to age and serve in the next life. However, these social status positions were sometimes reversed. In one case, a child had been buried with gold jewelry and elaborate pottery accompanied by an adult urn with no decoration or grave goods.[1]
Suicide[edit]
While it is difficult to identify evidence of suicide in osteological data, some of the archaeological evidence does support the practice of suicide in the manner described by Oviedo. The remains of fifteen bodies in orderly rows suggests death had occurred before interment, perhaps by poisoning. There is evidence for some individuals having been buried alive; some were found with their mouths open as if gasping for air while others died while biting their fingers.[1] However, suicide was not the only method of unnatural death at the site.
Sacrifice[edit]
Several individuals showed evidence of having been intentionally killed, perhaps as sacrifices. Two methods for which there was evidence was breaking the back or the neck. In two specific instances, individuals with broken backs were found face-up with their knees up near one shoulder. In both cases, these individuals were holding bundles of bones, possibly representing their masters. The flesh of these individuals had been systematically removed and in at least one case, their bones had been painted purple.[1]
Mutilation[edit]
Around 25% of the human remains were classified as having evidence for the individuals having been mutilated. These were put into two categories: bundle burials and ritual burials.
Bundle Burials[edit]
Bundle burials are burials in which the bones have been preserved and stripped of flesh. They are often considered to be the bones of the nobility because of the slaves found buried in association. These burials generally had the most elaborate graves. For example, in one exceptional case a body of a presumably important leader was found disarticulated and placed into two separate graves with about twenty graves placed nearby.[1]
Ritual Burials[edit]
There are several types of ritual burials, including individuals who had been decapitated. Sometimes the heads had been buried with the body, other times they had been removed (possibly as trophies). In some cases, heads had been buried with a separate but whole body. The decapitations had been undertaken leaving the mandible intact. Often near the mandible there were two upper canine teeth, presumably extracted from the maxilla before or after removal. This ritual was done with precision and skill, suggesting a long term of use.[1]
A second form of ritual burial was the removal of arms or legs. One arm was often cut off at the shoulder, and placed on top of the other arm. In some cases, graves contained the separated arms or legs of other bodies.[1] Harte had excavated an individual whose legs had been severed.[1]
The last form of ritual burials had amputated fingers. In some cases, the phalanges were either placed in seashells near the body or scattered around the head. In three cases, the phalanges were found inside of the cranium.[1]
Harte's excavation yielded two other types of mutilation. One burial had nothing but pottery and part of a pelvis.[1]
Gold artwork[edit]
Venado Beach, frog pendent, Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Gold and especially tumbaga artwork at Venado Beach represents some of the most superb examples of lost-wax casting from the time.[4] Frog forms in art are common in Panama, possibly representing fertility.[4] It is similar to that of the Veraguas region of Panama.[3]
After his excavations, Montgomery donated some objects to the Art Institute of Chicago and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Of these, one example is a pendant in the form of a frog, most likely made between the 6th and 11th centuries. Its size, aesthetic, and technical mastery are considered to indicate that it is one of the best examples from the entire Isthmo-Colombian Area. Gold nose rings were also recovered.[2]
References[edit]
- ^ abcdefghijklmnopqLothrop, S. K. (1954). 'Suicide, Sacrifice and Mutilations in Burials at Venado Beach, Panama'. American Antiquity. 19 (3): 226–234. doi:10.2307/277128. ISSN0002-7316.
- ^ abDoyle, James (2015-08-18). 'Unearthing Gold Masterpieces from Venado Beach, Panama'. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2019-10-17.
- ^ abcLothrop, S. K. (1966). 'Archaeology of Lower Central America'. In Ekholm, Gordon F.; Willey, Gordon R. (eds.). Archaeological Frontiers and External Connections. Handbook of Middle American Indians. 4. University of Texas Press. pp. 180–209. ISBN978-1-4773-0658-1.
- ^ abWardwell, Allen (1973). 'Some New Acquisitions of Pre-Hispanic Gold'. Bulletin of the Art Institute of Chicago (1973–1982). 67 (1): 16–20. doi:10.2307/4111236. ISSN0094-3312. JSTOR4111236.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venado_Beach&oldid=921674433'
Venado Post Office on Mill Creek Road | |
Venado Post Office on Mill Creek Road | |
Coordinates: 38°36′20″N123°00′29″W / 38.60556°N 123.00806°WCoordinates: 38°36′20″N123°00′29″W / 38.60556°N 123.00806°W | |
Country | United States |
---|---|
State | California |
County | Sonoma |
Elevation | 1,102 ft (336 m) |
Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
Area code(s) | 707 |
GNIS feature ID | 1656386[1] |
Venado is an unincorporated community in Sonoma County, California, United States, and is located about 12 miles west of Healdsburg, along Mill Creek Road, below the north slope of Knoll Ridge, on the south bank of Gray Creek, at an elevation of 1,102 feet. The name is Spanish for deer or venison, and the community had a post office from 1921 to 1941.
- 1History
- 5References
History[edit]
The history of this area goes back to the 1860s when it was first settled by the Gray family. Venado was named by Stillman Batchellor, who served as postmaster, when a fourth class post office was established on May 7, 1921. Deliveries were three times a week, on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. The service included mail in general with parcel post packages delivered to all patrons in the district, who must supply their own mail sacks made of heavy canvas material, being about two feet long, with a twenty-inch opening at the mouth, with the names and post office address printed or stamped thereon, along with a post or hook near the road in front of the house so the driver can hang the mail bag on the post without getting out of his vehicle.
The original post office building burned to the ground, and was replaced by one still standing, decaying under the redwoods. It is located on Mill Creek Road, 9.1 miles west of its junction with Westside Road. This post office was discontinued on November 15, 1941 with service transferred 12 miles east to Healdsburg, California.
Batchellor was a mining engineer turned fruitgrower, who settled in the area in the early 1900s after working in Cuba and Mexico. He owned an 11,000 acre ranch, which had land that when cleared, proved to be fine fruit land, with vineyards and prune orchards taking the place of redwood groves.
After 1863, California state law encouraged the building of schoolhouses three miles apart to accommodate the horse and buggy transportation, and a total of 15 one room schoolhouses were built by the early settlers of the small communities near Healdsburg. However, beginning in 1936, the one room schools began to unionize, and by 1951 only 5 one room schools remained.
Daniels School is over 120 years old, and is located on Mill Creek Road, across the road from Mill Creek, 2 miles east of Venado's post office, and about 10 miles west of Healdsburg, at an elevation of around 600 feet. Mill Creek parallels the road at this point, and flows by with the road and school on its right.
Daniels is a one-room school, measuring 284 square feet, and had one female teacher who taught first through eighth grades, but closed in 1951 due to lack of students. The original school building is still standing, and restoration is being planned by the Venado Historical Society. Known at first as Davis School, it was renamed in 1907 when R. A. Daniels agreed to move the school to its present location.
Daniels School Photo Tour[edit]
- Daniels School - Venado's one room schoolhouse on Mill Creek Road
- Daniels School from Mill Creek Road
- foundation
- from side road
- inside back wall
- inside front wall
- girls outhouse
- girls outhouse
- Daniels school
Felta School[edit]
- An early photo of the teacher and students of the Felta School, c. 1910.
- The Felta School in 2011.
- Felta School classroom
Geography[edit]
Gray Creek begins at about 1,400 feet on the southeastern slopes of Vulture Ridge(1,481 feet), first flowing southeasterly, it parallels the north side of Mill Creek Road, as it passes Venado less than a mile from its headwaters, drains through a culvert to the south side of the road, then curves around the east and south ridges of Rabbit Knoll, as it changes to a southwesterly course, and flows down a steep-sided V-shaped canyon vegetated mainly by bay trees. Streamside vegetation is abundant with horsetails, azaleas, ferns, wild grapes, oaks and redwoods. Closely paralleling a dirt road along its journey, Gray Creek drains an area of approximately 5.1 square miles, and enters East Austin Creek on the left, just inside the northern boundary of the Austin Creek State Recreation Area, at an elevation of about 340 feet.
Located in the northeastern section of the Austin Creek watershed, Gray Creek is a 4.8 mile long tributary to East Austin Creek, which flows into Austin Creek, the Russian River and Pacific Ocean.
Rainfall[edit]
Venado is known for being a particularly rainy location with respect to the San Francisco Bay Area. [2][3]
Nearby[edit]
On November 27, 1951 Felta School closed, along with Daniels and the three other remaining classic one room Sonoma County rural schools, as changing times, including demands for expanded resources and greater efficiency, required a new approach: consolidation.
Felta School, West Side Union School District, is a one-room schoolhouse built in 1906, that has been fully restored, is open to the public, and can be reserved for educational programs.
Located about 2 miles south of Healdsburg, on Felta Road near its junction with Westside Road, only a short distance from what is generally accepted to be the original mill that Mill Creek was named for.
Mill Creek waterfall
March's Mill, one of the earliest sawmills in Sonoma County, California, gave Mill Creek its name in the 1850s, after William J. March and Samuel Heald founded their sawmill and lumber mill along Mill Creek, near its confluence with Felta Creek, in September 1850.
Mill Creek begins at about 1,400 feet on the northeastern slopes of Vulture Ridge, first flowing around the ridge's eastern spur, it proceeds down steep U-shaped Pickle Canyon in a southeasterly direction, before paralleling Mill Creek Road, passing Daniels School, and adding four major tributaries, draining a basin of approximately 24 square miles. Tan oak, alder, bay and redwoods forest the drainage area, and the federally protected northern spotted owl is listed by the California Department of Fish and Game as occurring in the Mill Creek watershed.
Located in the southwestern section of the Dry Creek watershed, Mill Creek is a tributary to Dry Creek and flows southeasterly for about 12 miles, entering Dry Creek on the right, near its confluence with the Russian River, at an elevation of about 60 feet.
Healdsburg Museum
References[edit]
Sources[edit]
- Bear Flag Country, Legacy of the Revolt, A History of the Towns and Post Offices of Sonoma County by Richard Paul Papp 1996
- Russian River Recorder, Official Publication of the Healdsburg Museum & Historical Society, Spring 2007, Issue 96
- Russian River Recorder, Official Publication of the Healdsburg Museum & Historical Society, Fall 1992, Issue 43
- Venado Historical Society, Daniels School, October 11, 1999
- Healdsburg Weekly Tribune, February 12, 1925
- Sotoyome Scimitar, June 24, 1921
- Valley Schools by Charlotte Enzenauer, R 979.418 R
- DFG California Department of Fish and Game 1977. Gray Creek Stream Survey - August 17, 1977 by Dennis Fong and William Rowser
- DFG California Department of Fish and Game 1995. Mill Creek Stream Survey
- USGS GUERNVILLE Quad, California, Topographic map - 2009
- USGS HEALDSBURG Quad, California, Topographic map - 1993
- USGS CAZADERO Quad, California, Topographic map - 1998
Footnotes[edit]
- ^U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Venado, California
- ^'Bay Area's rainiest spot records 7 inches of rain in 24 hours'. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
- ^'13.68 Inches Of Rain Falls On Little-Known North Bay Town During Latest Storm'. CBS Bay Area. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
External links[edit]
- Daniels School Restoration - Venado Historical Society
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venado,_California&oldid=823728836'